2023年考研英语（二)真题及参阅答案
section ⅰ use of english
here’s
a common scenario that any number of entrepreneurs face today: you’re
the ceo of a small business and though you’re making a nice 1 , you need
to find a way to take it to the next level. what you need to do is 2
growth by establishing a growth team. a growth team is made up of
members from different departments within your company, and it harnesses
the power of collaboration to focus 3 on finding ways to grow.
let’s
look at a real-world 4 . prior to forming a growth team, the software
company bittorrent had 50 employees.working in the 5 departments of
engineering, marketing and product development. this brought them good
results until 2012, when their growth plateaued. the 6 was that too many
customers were using the basic, free version of their product. and 7
improvements to the premium, paid version, few people were making the
upgrade.
things
changed, 8 , when an innovative project marketing manager came aboard, 9
a growth team and sparked the kind of 10 perspective they needed. by
looking at engineering issues from a marketing point of view, it became
clear that the 11 of upgrades wasn’t due to a quality issue. most
customers were simply unaware of the premium version and what it
offered.
armed
with this 12 , the marketing and engineering teams joined forces to
raise awareness by prominently 13 the premium version to users of the
free version. 14 , upgrades skyrocketed, and revenue increased by 92
percent.
but
in order for your growth, team to succeed, it needs to a have a strong
leader. it needs someone who can 15 the interdisciplinary team and keep
them on course for improvement.
this
leader will 16 the target area, set clear goals and establish a time
frame for the 17 of these goals. this growth leader is also 18 for
keeping the team focus on moving forward and steer them clear of
distractions. 19 attractive, new ideas can be distracting, the team
leader must recognize when these ideas don’t 20 the current goal and
need to be put on the back burner.
1.a. purchase b. profit c. connection d. bet
【答案】b. profit 原文说到“小公司的ceo也挣到了大钱”。make a nice profit意为“挣得可观的获利”，故选profit。
2.a. define b. predict c. prioritize d. appreciate
【答案】c. prioritize 原文说到?枰龅氖蔷髁⒁桓龃蚩∽槔从畔韧平黾印薄４舜ζ亍坝畔刃浴保恃rioritize。
3.a. exclusively b. temporarily c. potentially d. initially
【答案】a. exclusively 原文说到“使用协作的力气来专心于专门寻找增加的办法”。exclusively标明“独占地，专门地”，契合题意。
4.a. experiment b. proposal c. debate d. example
【答案】d. example 原文说到“来看一个实际日子中的比方”，此处经过举比方来例子上文的观念，故选example。
5.a. identical b. marginal c. provisional d. traditional
【答案】d. traditional 原文说到“50名雇员在工程、商场推广与产品研发等传统部分作业”。traditional标明“传统的”，契合题意。
6.a. rumor b. secret c. myth d. problem
【答案】d. problem 原文说到“疑问是太多的顾客可以免费运用其产品的基础免费版别”。上文指出最初步卓有作用，但后来堕入了瓶颈期，所以，此处应联接具有发生啥样的疑问。故选problem。
7.a. despite b. unlike c. through d. besides
【答案】a. despite 原文说到“尽管关于付费版别做出了必定的改进，可是几乎没有人进行晋级”。此处前后构成让步-转机逻辑，故选despite。
8.a. moreover b. however c. therefore d. again
【答案】b. however 原文说到“可是自从一位立异的海外司理人的到来使得作业发生了改动”。此处查询上下文的逻辑联络，上文指出改进没有得到大众的协作，而海外人才的引入却改动了这一些，所以，此处应填入转机逻辑词，故选however。
9.a. inspected b. created c. expanded d. reformed
【9答案】b. created 原文说到“这名司理人创建了打开团队”。此处与首段establish a growth team构成语义复现，故选created。
10.a.cultural b. objective c. fresh d. personal
【答案】c. fresh 原文说到“引发了一个他们所需要的新鲜视角”。立异人才的参加必定会给团队带来新鲜血液。此处与本段innovative构成语义复现，故选fresh。
11.a. end b. burden c. lack d. decrease
【答案】c. lack 原文说到“短少晋级的缘由并不是由质量疑问多致使，而是大有些花费者没有这方面的知道”。上文说到很稀有花费者进行晋级，所以产品短少晋级，故选lack。
12.a. policy b. suggestion c. purpose d. insight
【答案】d. insight 原文说到“具有这种洞悉力，商场推广和工程部分参加到了团队之中”。此处与上文fresh perspective构成语义复现，新鲜的观点预示着对作业有了更一起的见地，故选insight。
13.a. contributing b. allocating c. promoting d. transferring
【答案】c. promoting 原文说到“将免费版别晋级成优质版别”。此处与后文upgrade构成语义复现，故选promoting。
14.a. as a result b. at any rate c. by the way d. in a sense
【答案】a. as a result 原文说到“因而，晋级量激增”。此处查询句间的逻辑联络，因为版别变得愈加优质，所以选择晋级的人数数量在添加，因而应填入因果逻辑词，故选as a esult。
15.a. unite b. finance c. follow d. choose
【答案】a. unite 原文说到“需要一自个来联合来自跨学科的组别”。上文leader一词提示，职工之间需要联合才干成功。unite意为“联合”，契合题意。
16.a. share b. identify c. divide d. broaden
【答案】b. identify 原文说到“领导需要断定方针区域”。下文指出树立方针，所以在树立方针之前应断定方针区域，故选identify。
17.a. announcement b. assessment c. adjustment d. accomplishment
【答案】d. accomplishment 原文说到“树立时刻规划赖结束这些方针”。上文说到树立方针，所以此处应标明完成方针，故选accomplishment。
18.a. famous b. responsible c. available d. respectable
【答案】b. responsible 原文说到“领导需要担任去带领整个团队一同行进”。be responsible for意为“对……担任”，契合题意。
19.a. before b. once c. while d. unless
【答案】c. while 原文说到“尽管很有招引力，可是新的主意会让人分神”。此处体现句间的让步-转机逻辑联络，故选while。
20.a. serve b. limit c. summarize d. alter
【答案】a. serve 原文说到“一些主意不能效能当前的方针，而且需要暂时放置”。即主意和方针无法完成调和共同，所以需要暂停，故选serve。
section ⅱ reading comprehension
part a
text 1
in
the quest for the perfect lawn, homeowners across the country are
taking a shortcut- and it is the environment that is paying the price.
about eight million square metres of plastic grass is sold each year but
opposition has now spread to the highest gardening circles. the chelsea
flower show has banned fake grass from this year ‘s event declaring it
to be not part of its ethos. the royal horticultural society (rhs),
which runs the annual show in west london, says it has introduced the
ban because of the damage plastic grass does to the environment and
biodiversity. ed horne, of the rhs, said:”we launched our sustainability
strategy last year and fake grass is just not in line with our ethos
and views on plastic. we recommend using real grass because of its
environmental benefits which include supporting wildlife, alleviating
flooding and cooling the environment.” the rhs’s decision comes as
campaigners try to raise awareness of the problems fake grass causes. a
twitter account, which claims to“cut through the green-wash” of
artificial grass, already has more than 20.000 followers. it is trying
to encourage people to sign two petitions. one calling for a ban on the
sale of plastic grass and another calling for an“ecological damage ” tax
on such lawns. they have gathered 7.276 and 11.282 signatures however,
supporters of fake grass point out that there is also an environmental
impact with natural lawns, which need mowing and therefore usually
consume electricity or petrol. the industry also points out that real
grass requires considerable amnounts of water, weed killer or other
treatments and that people who lay fake grass tend to use their garden
more. the industry also claims that people who 1ay fake grass spend an
average of f500 on trees or shrubs for their garden, which provides
habitat for insects. in response to another petition last year about
banning fake lawns, which gathered 30.000 signatures. the government
responded that it has“no plans to ban the use of artificial grass. it
added:we prefer to help people and organizations make the right choice
rather than legislating on such matters, however the use of artificial
grass must comply with the 1egal and policy safeguards in place to
protect biodiversity and ensure sustainable drainage, while measures
such as the strengthened biodiversity duty should serve to encourage
public authorities to consider sustainable alternatives.
21. the rhs thinks that plastic grass_____
a. is harmful to the environment
b. is a hot topic in gardening circles
c. is overpraised in the annual show
d. is ruining the view of west london
【答案】a.
is harmful to the environment 解析: 该题为细节题，问rhs关于plastic
grass塑料草的观点。经过rhs和plastic grass定位，断定语句“the royal horticultural society
(rhs), which runs the annual show in west london, says it has introduced
the ban because of the damage plastic grass does to the environment and
biodiversity.” 中心句意 “因为塑料草对环境和生物多样性构成的损坏，rhs出台了这项禁令。” 文章中because of the
damage plastic grass does to the environment and biodiversity.对应a选项is
harmful to the environment。 damage和harmful为同义改写。
22. the petitions mentioned in paragraph 3 revealed the campaigners’
a. disappointment with the rhs
b. resistance to fake grass use
c. anger over the proposed tax
d. concern about real grass supply
【答案】b.
resistance to fake grass use
解析:该题为细节题，经过题干petitions(示威书)和campaigners(运动领导者)进行定位。经过campaigners地址语句“the
rhs’s decision comes as campaigners try to raise awareness of the
problems fake grass causes.”得知，campaigners企图前进我们对假草构成的疑问的知道。
下文petitions地址语句，具体阐明前进对假草疑问的具体方法:it is trying to encourage people to
sign two petitions, one calling for a ban on the sale of plastic grass
and another calling for an “ecological damage” tax on such lawns.
即“呼吁阻止出售塑料草，和呼吁对此类草坪征收“生态损坏”税”。只需b选项 resistance to fake grass
use(对假草运用的反抗)，对定位句进行了同义改写。
23. in paragraph 4, supporters of fake grass point out______
a. the necessity to lower the costs of fake grass
b. the disadvantages of growing real grass
c. the way to take care of artificial lawns
d. the challenges of insect habitat protection
【答案】b.
the disadvantages of growing real grass
解析:该题为细节题，问假草撑持者的观念情绪。经过第4段内容可归纳出“天然草坪也会对环境构成影响，而且真实的草需要许多的水、除草剂或其他处置。”
只需b选项the disadvantages of growing real grass(栽培真草的缺陷), 是对文章的同义归纳。
24. what would the government do with regard to artificial grass?
a. urge legislation to restrict its use
b. take measures to guarantee its quality
c. remind its users to obey existing rules.
d. replace it with sustainable alternatives.
【答案】c.
remind its users to obey existing rules. 解析:该题为细节题，问“政府会如何处置人工草?”
经过government和artificial
grass定位，从文章中得知“政府没有方案阻止运用人工草，而且人工草地的运用有必要恪守现有的法令和方针保证办法。文章中的comply with
the legal and policy(遵遵法令和方针)与b选项remind its users to obey existing
rules. (提示用户恪守现有规则。) 是同义改写。
25. it can be learned from the text that fake grass____
a. is being improved continuously
b. has seen a market share decline
c. is becoming increasing affordable
d. has been a controversial product
【答案】d.
has been a controversial product.
解析:该题为主旨题，问经过文章可以得出啥关于假草的结论。本题查询对文章主旨和期间粗心的掌控。 文章论说了rhs，
假草撑持者，和政府关于假草的不一样情绪，其间rhs阻止假草的运用，而政府标明没有阻止方案。各方观念清楚并论说了理由。因为文章是环绕fake
grass打开争议，因为答案是d，是“有争议性的产品”。
text 2
it’s
easy to dismiss as absurd the trump administration’ s ideas for
plugging the chronic funding gap of our national parks. can anyone
really think it’s a good idea to allow amazon deliveries to your tent in
yosemite or food trucks to line up under the redwood trees at sequoia
national park? but the administration is right about one thing: u.s.
national parks are in crisis. collectively.they have a maintenance
backlog of more than s12 billion. roads, trails, restrooms. visitor
centers and other infrastructure are crumbling. but privatizing and
commercializing the campgrounds would not be the panacea that the
interior department outdoor advisory committee would have us believe.
campgrounds are a tiny portion of the overall infrastructure backlog.
and concessionaires in the parks hand over, on average. only about 5% of
their revenues to the national park service.
moreover,
increased privatization would certainly undercut one of the major
reasons why 300 million visitors come to the parks each year: to enjoy
nature and get a respite from the commercial drumbeat that overwhelms
daily life. the real problem is that the parks have been chronically
starved of funding.
we
conducted a comprehensive survey examining how u.s. residents view
their national parks. and we found that americans place a very high
value on them一whether or not they actually visit them. the peer-reviewed
economic survey of 700u.s.taxpayers, conducted by mail and internet,
also found that people would be willng to pay a significant amount of
money to make sure the parks and their programs are kept intact. some
81% of respondents said they would be willing to pay additional taxes
for the next 10 years to avoid any cuts to the national parks. the
national parks provide great value to u.s. residents both as places to
escape and as symbols of nature. on top of this,they produce value from
their extensive educational programs, their positive impact on the
climate through carbon sequestration, their contribution to our cultural
and artistic life, and of course through tourism. the parks also help
keep america’s past alive, working with thousands of local jurisdictions
around the country to protect historical sites一including ellis island
and gettysburg一and to bring the stories of these places to 1ife. the
parks do all this on a shoestring. congress allocates only s3 billion a
year to the national park system-an amount that has been flat since 2001
(in inflation- adjusted dollars) with the exception of a onetime boost
in 2009 as part of the obama stimulus package. meanwhile, the number of
annual visitors has increased by more than 50% since 1980, and now
stands at 330 million visitors per year.
26.what problem are us national parks faced with?
a.decline of business profits.
b.inadequate commercialization.
c.lack of transportation services.
d.poorly maintained infrastructure.
【答案】d
poorly maintained infrastructure.解析: 该题为细节题，问美国国家公园面临着啥疑问，根据problem,
us national
parks回到原订亲位，文中说到:“美国国家公园正处于危机之中。他们一共有跨越120亿美元的维护费用积压下来没有拨款。”( u.s.
national parks are in crisis. collectively, they have a maintenance
backlog of more than $12 billion.)所以美国国家公园面临着维护缺钱的疑问，即基础设备维护不良。
27.increased privatization of the campgrounds may .
a. spoil visitor experience
b. help preserve nature
c. bring operational pressure
d. boost visits to parks
【答案】a.
spoil visitor experience 解析: 该题为细节题，问添加露营地的私有化可以会如何，根据要害词privatization，
the
campgrounds回到原订亲位，文中说到:“添加私有化必定会削弱每年3亿游客来公园的首要缘由之一:享受天然，从吞没往常日子的商业鼓声中得到喘息。”(increased
privatization would certainly undercut one of the major reasons why 300
million visitors come to the parks each year: to enjoy nature and get a
respite from the commercial drumbeat that overwhelms daily
life.)所以添加露营地的私有化可以会让游客仍然遭到商业的影响，不能非常好地享受天然，即损坏游客领会。
28.according to paragraph 5, most respondents in the survey would
a. go to the national parks on a regular basis.
b.advocate a bigger budget for the national parks.
c.agree to pay extra for the national parks.
d.support the national parks’ recent reforms.
【答案】c.agree
to pay extra for the national parks. 解析:
该题为细节题，问查询中的大大都受访者会如何，根据要害词respondents，the survey回到原订亲位，
文中说到:“约81%的受访者标明，他们情愿在将来10年交纳额定的税款，以避免任何削减国家公园的开支。”(some 81% of
respondents said they would be willing to pay additional taxes for the
next 10 years to avoid any cuts to the national
parks.)所以查询中的大大都受访者会情愿额定交交税款，即附和为国家公园付出额定的费用。
29.the national parks are valuable in that they
a.lead the way in tourism. b.have historical significance.
c.sponsor research on climate d. provide an income for the locals.
【答案】b.have
historical significance. 解析: 该题为细节题，问国家公园很有价值因为它们怎么样，根据要害词the national
parks，valuable回到原文中定位，文中说到，这些公园还有助于让美国的前史充溢活力，与全国数千个当地司法机构协作，维护包括埃利斯岛和葛底斯堡在内的前史遗址，并让这些当地的故事端得生动起来。”(the
parks also help keep america’s past alive, working with thousands of
local jurisdictions around the country to protect historical sites —
including ellis island and gettysburg — and to bring the stories of
these places to life.)所以国家公园很有价值因为它们有助于让美国的前史充溢活力，维护前史遗址，即有前史意义。
30.it can be concluded from the text that the national park system
a.is able to cope with staff shortage.
b.is able to meet visitor’s demands.
c.is in need of a new price policy.
d.is in need of a funding increase.
【答案】d.
is in need of a funding increase. 解析: 该题为细节题，问国家公园体系如何，根据要害词the
national park
system回到原文中定位，文中说到:“国会每年只给国家公园体系拨款30亿美元——这一数额自2001年以来一向没有改变(以通货胀大调整后的美元核算)，除了2009年作为奥巴马影响方案一有些的一次添加。与此一起，自1980年以来，每年的游客数量增加了50%以上，如今每年抵达3.3亿人次。”(congress
allocates only $3 billion a year to the national park system — an
amount that has been flat since 2001 (in inflation-adjusted dollars)
with the exception of a onetime boost in 2009 as part of the obama
stimulus package. meanwhile, the number of annual visitors has increased
by more than 50% since 1980, and now stands at 330 million visitors per
year.)可以得知，国家公园体系得到的拨款每年根柢上坚持不变，可是赏识公园的游客再增加，所以国家公园体系需要拨款资金的添加。
text 3
the
internet may be changing merely what we remember, not our capacity to
do so, suggests columbia university psychology professor betsy sparrow.
in 2011. sparrow led a study in which participants were asked to record
40 factoids in a computer ( an ostrich’s eye is bigger than its brain,”
for example). half of the participants were told the information would
be erased, while the other half were told it would be saved. guess
what?the latter group made no effort to recall the information when
quizzed on it later, because they knew they could find it on their
computers. in the same study. a group was asked to remember both the
information and the folders it was stored in.they didn’t remember the
information, but they remembered how to find the folders. in other
words, human memory is not deteriorating but adopting to new
communications technology.’
sparrow
says. in a very practical way, the internet is becoming an external
hard drive for our memories, a process known as“cognitive offloading.”
traditionally, this role was fulfilled by data banks, libraries, and
other humans. your father may never remember birthdays because your
mother does. for instance. some worry that this is having a destructive
effect on society, but sparrow sees an upside. perhaps, she suggests,
the trend will change our approach to 1earning from a focus on
individual facts and memorization to an emphasis on more conceptual
thinking something that is not available on the internet.“i personally
have never seen all that much intellectual value in memorizing things.”
sparrow says, adding that we haven’t lost our ability to do it. still
other experts say it’s too soon to understand how the internet affects
our brains. there is no experimental evidence showing that it interferes
with our ability to focus, for instance, wrote psychologists
christopher chabris and danielj. simons. and surfing the web exercised
the brain more than reading did among computer-sawvy older adults in a
2008 study involving 24 participants at the semel institute for
neuroscience and human behavior at the university of california, los
angeles. there may be costs associated with our increased reliance on
the internet, but i’ d have to imagine that overall the benefits are
going to outweigh those costs,” observes psychology professor benjamin
storm.“it seems pretty clear that memory is changing. but is it changing
for the better? at this point, we don’t know.
31. sparrow’s study show that with the internet, the human brain will____
a. analyze information in detail
b. collect information efficiently
c. switch its focus of memory
d. extend its memory duration
【答案】c.
switch its focus of memory
解析:该题为细节题，问sparrow的研讨标明在互联网年代，人类大脑会怎样。经过sparrow定位，究竟断定第一段最终一句，即对研讨结论的表“human
memory is not deteriorating but “adapting to new communications
technology,” 人类的回想并没有退化，而是“习气新的通讯技能”。 cd选项都说到了memory,
c是变换大脑回想焦点，d是延伸大脑回想时刻。文章中的“习气新的通讯技能” 对应c选项“变换焦点。”，因而答案是c。
32. the process of “cognitive offloading ”_______
a. helps us identify false information
b. keeps our memory from failing
c. enables us to classify trivial facts
d. lessens our memory burdens
【答案】d.
lessens our memory burdens 解析:该题为细节题，经过cognitive offloading定位。
文章描绘“互联网正在变成咱们回想的外部硬盘，这一进程被称为“cognitive
offloading”。传统上，这一人物是由数据库、图书馆和其别人类结束的。例如，你的父亲可以永久不会记住生日，因为你的母亲会记住。”
即cognitive offloading可以协助储存有些回想，即对应d选项“减轻咱们的回想担负”。
33. which of the following would sparrows support about the internet?
a. it may reform our learning approach
b. it may impact our society negatively
c. it may enhance our adaptability to technology
d. it may interfere with our conceptual thinking
【答案】a.
it may reform our learning approach
解析:该题为细节题，经过sparrows进行定位，本句话标明晰sparrows的观念:“the trend will change our
approach to learning from a focus on individual facts and memorization
to an emphasis on more conceptual thinking”
“或许，她主张，这一趋势将改动咱们的学习方法，从重视自个实际和回想改动，变为重视更多的概念思维” 。a选项it may reform our
learning approach(它可以会改动咱们的学习方法)是对文章的同义改写。
34. it is indicated in paragraph 3 that how the internet affects our brains_____
a. requires further academic research
b. is most studied in older adults
c. is reflected in our reading speed
d. depends on our web-surfing habits
【答案】a. requires further academic research 解析:该题为揣度题。段首句清楚标明 “还有其他专家标明，如今晓得互联网如何影响咱们的大脑还为时过早。” 。a选项“需要进一步的学术研讨” 是对文章的同义改写。
35. neither sparrows nor storm would agree that______
a. our reliance on the internet will be costly
b. the internet is weakening our memory
c. memory exercise is a must for our brains
d. our ability to fucus declines with age
【答案】b.
the internet is weakening our memory
解析:该题为观念比照，问sparrows和storm都不会附和啥。sparrows认为互联网可以改动咱们的学习方法，storm在文章最终一段标明观念。
“there may be costs associated with our increased reliance on the
internet, but i’d have to imagine that overall the benefits are going to
outweigh those costs,”
“咱们对互联网的依靠添加可以会带来一些本钱，但我不得不愿望，总的来说，收益将跨越这些本钱。”，因为storm也撑持互联网。即两人都没有认为互联网有害，对应b选项the
internet is weakening our memory，即都不会认为互联网正在削弱咱们的回想。
text 4
teenagers
are paradoxical that’s a mild and detached way of saying something that
parents often express with considerably stronger language. but the
paradox is scientific as well as personal. in adolescence. helpless and
dependent children who have relied on grown-ups for just about
everything become independent people who can take care of themselves and
help each other. at the same time,once cheerful and compliant children
become rebellious teenage risk-takers. a new study published in the
journal child development, by eveline crone of the university of leiden
and colleagues, suggests that the positive and negative sides of
teenagers go hand in hand. the study is part of a new wave of thinking
about adolescence.
for
a long time scientists and policy makers concentrated on the idea that
teenagers were a problem that needed to be solved. the new work
emphasizes that adolescence is a time of opportunity as well as risk.
the researchers studied prosocial and rebellious traits in more than 200
children and young adults, ranging from 11 to 28 years old. the
participants filled out questionnaires about how often they did things
that were altruistic and positive like sacrificing their own interests
to help a friend, or rebellious and negative like getting drunk or
staying out late. other studies have shown that rebellious behavior
increases as you become ateenager and then fades away as you grow older.
but
the new study shows that interestingly, the same pattern holds for
prosocial behavior teenagers were more likely than younger children or
adults to report that they did things like unselfishly help a friend.
most significantly, there was a positive correlation between
prosociality and rebelliousness. the teenagers who were more rebellious
were also more likely to help others. the good and bad sides of
adolescence seem to develor together. is there some common factor that
underlies these apparently contradictory developments? one idea is that
teenage behavior is related to what researchers call ‘ ‘reward
sensitivity. ‘ decision-making always involves balancing rewards and
risks, benefits and costs. “reward sensitivity” measures how much reward
it takes to outweigh risk. teenagers are particularly sensitive to
social rewards- winning the game. impressing a new friend, getting that
boy to notice you. reward sensitivity like prosocial behavior and
risk-taking.seems to go up in adolescence and then down again as we age.
somehow, when you hit 30, the chance that something exciting and new
will happen at that party just doesn’t seem to outweigh the effort of
getting up off the couch.
36.according to paragraph 1, children growing into adolescence tend to.
a.develop opposite personality traits.
b.see the world in an unreasonable way.
c.have fond memories of their past.
d.show affection for their parents.
【36】a.
develop opposite personality
traits.解析:该题为细节题，问进入芳华期的孩子一般会如何，根据要害词children，adolescence回到原文中定位，
文中说到:“在芳华期，无助和依靠成年人的孩子变成独立的人，他们可以照看自个，彼此协助。与此一起，早年高兴依从的孩子变成了背叛的冒险家，一般到了自我消除的境地。(in
adolescence, helpless and dependent children who have relied on
grown-ups for just about everything become independent people who can
take care of themselves and help each other. at the same time, once
cheerful and compliant children become rebellious teenage risk-takers,
often to the point of self-destruction. )所以进入芳华期的孩子一般打开出相反的品质特征。
37.it can be learned form paragraph 2 that crone’s study
a. explores teenagers’ social responsibilities.
b. examines teenagers’ emotional problems.
c. provides a new insight into adolescence.
d. highlights negative adolescent behavior.
【37】c.
provides a new insight into adolescence.解析:
该题为细节题，问crone的研讨如何，根据要害词crone’s
study回到原文中定位，文中说到:“这项研讨是对芳华期思考的新浪潮的一有些。很长一段时刻以来，科学家和方针拟定者都认为青少年是一个需要处置的疑问。这项新研讨偏重，芳华期是一个充溢机缘和风险的时期。”(the
study is part of a new wave of thinking about adolescence. for a long
time, scientists and policy makers concentrated on the idea that
teenagers were a problem that needed to be solved. the new work
emphasizes that adolescence is a time of opportunity as well as
risk.)所以crone的研讨和以往关于芳华期的思考纷歧样，即为芳华期供给了一个新的见地。
38.what does crone’s study find about prosocial b
ehavior?
a.it results from the wish to cooperate.
b.it is cultivated through education.
c.it is subject to family influence.
d.it tends to peak in adolescence.
【38】d.it
tends to peak in adolescence.解析:
该题为细节题，问关于亲社会的行为，crone的研讨发现了啥，根据要害词crone’s study，prosocial
behavior回到原文中定位，文中说到:“风趣的是，这项新研讨标明，亲社会行为也存在相同的方法。青少年连年幼的儿童或成年人更有可以陈述他们做过忘我地协助兄弟等作业。”(
the new study shows that, interestingly, the same pattern holds for
prosocial behavior. teenagers were more likely than younger children or
adults to report that they did things like unselfishly help a
friend.)所以比较幼童和成人，青少年更简略做出亲社会的行为，即亲社会的行为一般在芳华期抵达顶峰。
39.it can be learned from the last two paragraphs that teenagers
a.verstress their influence on others.
b.care a lot about social recognition.
c.become anxious about their future.
d.endeavor to live a joyful life.
【39】b.
care a lot about social recognition.解析:
该题为推理题，问青少年如何，文中说到:“青少年对社会奖赏特别活络——赢得竞赛，给新兄弟留下深化形象，让那个男孩留心到你。”(teenagers
are particularly sensitive to social rewards—winning the game,
impressing a new friend, getting that boy to notice
you.)这些都是说青少年在乎社会奖赏，即社会认可。
40.what is the text mainly about?
a.why teenagers are self-contradictory.
b.why teenagers are sensitive.
c.how teenagers develop prosociality.
d.how teenagers become independent.
【40】a.why
teenagers are self-contradictory. 解析:
该题为主旨题，第一段最初说到青少年是敌对的，中心有些经过实验研讨发现首要谈论青少年自相敌对的体现，最终有些谈论了青少年自相敌对发生的缘由。
所以这篇文章首要谈论了青少年为啥是自相敌对的。
part b
directions:
read
the following text and match each of the numbered items in the left
column to its corresponding information in the right column. there are
two extra choices in the right column. mark your answers on the answer
sheet. (10 points)
new
building regulations aimed at improving energy efficiency are set to
increase the price of new homes, as well as those of extensions and loft
conversions on existing ones.
the
rules, which came into effect on wednesday in england, are part of
government plans to reduce the uk’s carbon emissions to net zero by
2050. they set new standards for ventilation, energy efficiency and
heating, and state that new residential buildings must have charging
points for electric vehicles.
the
moves are the most significant change to building regulations in years,
and industry experts say they will inevitably lead to higher prices at a
time when a shortage of materials and high labour costs is already
driving up bills.
brian
berry, chief executive of the federation of master builders, a trade
group for small and medium-sized builders, says the measures will
require new materials, testing methods, products and systems to be
installed. “all this comes at an increased cost during a time when
prices are already sky high. inevitably, consumers will have to pay
more,” he says.
gareth belsham, of surveyors naismiths, says people who are upgrading, or extending their home, will be directly affected.
“the
biggest changes relate to heating and insulation,” he says. “there are
new rules concerning the amount of glazing used in extensions, and any
new windows or doors must be highly insulated.”
the
changes could mean an extra 3,000 added to the bill of an average home
extension, according to jonathan rolande of the national association of
property buyers, a group of professionals aimed at raising construction
standards.
homeowners
extending may see the amount of space they have decrease, as walls will
have to be thicker in order to comply with requirements for better
insulation.
andrew mellor, of prp architects, says external walls will need to be about 7cm thicker than previously.
windows
and doors will have to adhere to higher standards, while there are new
limits on the amount of glazing you can have to reduce unwanted heat
from the sun.
thomas goodman, of myjobquote, a site which sources quotes, says this will bring in new restrictions for extensions.
“glazing on windows, doors and roof lights must cover no more than 25% of the floor area to prevent heat loss, ” he says.
as
properties become more airtight, there are also measures to ensure
proper airflow, such as having small openings (trickle vents) on windows
that allow ventilation when a window is closed.
for
people extending their homes, they may be required to install a new, or
replacement, heating system depending on the size of the build, says
belsham. these will have to use lower temperature water to deliver the
same heat, which will require increased insulation of pipes.
“we’ll
see more insulation, better lighting design and restrictions on the
amount of glass used in some areas. but with more thermal-efficient
homes can come the risk of overheating due to solar gain, and so
ventilation is also covered,” says rolande. “as a result, double-glazed
windows will require trickle vents to let heat escape and also to
provide fresh air for health reasons and, of course, to reduce the risk
of condensation build up in an ever-more airtight property.”
as
the rules came into effect last wednesday, property developers were
rushing to file plans just before the deadline, according to belsham.
any plans submitted before that date are considered to be under the
previous rules, and can go ahead as long as work starts before 15 june
next year.
an average extension will probably see around 3,000 additional cost thanks to the new regs
builders
which have costed projects, but have not filed the paperwork, may need
to go back and submit fresh estimates, says marcus jefford of build
aviator, which prices projects.
as
the changes are aimed to make homes more energy efficient, they will
eventually drive down heating bills. but in the short-term homeowners
are likely to face higher costs for work.
materials prices are already up 25% in the last two years, according to figures from the construction products association.
how
much overall prices will increase as a result of the rule changes is
not clear. “while admirable in their intentions, they will add to the
cost of housebuilding at a time when many already feel that they are
priced out of homeownership,” says rolande. “an average extension will
probably see around 3,000 additional cost thanks to the new regs.”
john
kelly, a construction lawyer at freeths law firm, believes prices will
eventually come down. but not in the immediate future. “as the
marketplace adapts to the new requirements, and the technologies that
support them, the scaling up of these technologies will eventually bring
costs down, but in the short term, we will all have to pay the price of
the necessary transition,” he says.
however,
the long-term effects of the changes will be more comfortable and
energy-efficient homes, adds mellor. “homeowners will probably recoup
that cost over time in energy bill savings. it will obviously be very
volatile at the moment, but they will have that benefit over time.”
[a] the rise of home prices is a temporary matter.
41. brain berry
[b] builders possibly need to submit new estimates of their projects.
42. gareth belsham
[c] there will be specific limits on home extensions to prevent heat loss.
43. marcus jefford
[d] the new rules will take home prices to an even higher level.
44. john kelly
[e] many people feel that home prices are already beyond what they can afford.
45. andrew mellor
[f] the new rules will affect people whose home extensions include new windows or doors.
[g] the rule changes will benefit homeowners eventually.